Botanical Description:
Botanical Name: Arachis hypogea L.
Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
6 Chromosome No.: 2n=40 (allotetraploid)
6 Plant type: C3annual, herbaceous, erect, semi-erect, or spreading in nature,
& Pollination type: self pollinated; Germination type: epigeal; Photoperiodism: Day neutral
The most striking characteristic of the ground nut plant is its manner of flowering and seed formation. Flowers are born at the axil of leaves. After pollination, the base of the ovary, a meristematic region grows and becomes a stalk like structure (the gynophore) that bends downwards and forces the ovary into the soil. This gynophore is commonly
referred to as the ‘peg’. The peg carrying the ovary pushes itself into the soil; this process is known as pegging.
Two subspecies of Arachis are commercially cultivated for oil.
Arachis hypogaea species /astipioto (bunchy type):
short duration (95-105), early
maturing, and high yielding and almost free from dormancy, high germination percentage (90-
95).
Arachis hypogaea species procumbens (spreading type): Long duration (110-120 days), late maturity,
high yielding ability and have dormancy (60-75%), low germination per cent (85-90).
Climate and Soil: Tropical climate, temperature 21-26.5 ⁰C, Rainfall - 60-75 cm, Sandy soil with
pH 6-6.5, saline alkaline soils are not suitable.
Field preparation: Although the groundnut is a deep rooted crop, but looking to its underground pod forming habit, deep ploughing should be avoided, because it
encourages development of pods in deeper layers of soil which makes harvesting difficult.
Adequate rains at sowing are necessary for proper germination and good plant growth and well-distributed rainfall during the crop period ensures normal vegetative growth,
increased flowering and proper development of pods. One ploughing with soil
turning plough followed by two harrowing would be sufficient to achieve a good surface tilth
up to 12-18 cm depth.
Varieties
Bunch Type: Jyoti, Kaushal, Mungfali Haryana-1, Mungfali Haryana-2, BG-1, BG-2, AK-12 AK-24,
Kapergaon No.-03
Spreading Types: Chandra, Chitra, Amber, Prakash, Moongfali No.-13, Type-28,
Type-64, Mungfali No.-37, Mungfali No.-145, C-501.
Seed & Sowing
& Seed rate:
o Bunch tvpe: 80-100 kg/ha
o Spreading type: 60 to 80 kg/ha.
& Pods for seed purpose should be stored unshelled in a cool, dry and ventilated place and
shelling should be done 1 week before sowing. Seeds should be treated with Thiram or Captan @ 3-5
g/kg of seed.
6 Time of sowing: first fortnight of Ju!v
6 Method of sowing: Generally sowing is done in lines with a spacing of 30-40 x10 cm for bunch
type and 45-60 x10 cm for spreading types.
Nutrient Management: 25-30, 60, 40 kg NPK/ha is generally recommended. Seeds should be
treated with suitable Rhizobium culture for goad crop growth and development. Among
AGR — 211: Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops)
secondary nutrients, Calcium is required for pod development and Sulphur is required for fatty
acid synthesis. Calcium deficiency leads to development of small sized unfilled pads
which is known as popping. Therefore to supply these nutrients application of gypsum
(29.2% Ca & 18.6% S) @ 200 kg per hectare is recommended. However, in soils which are
nat deficient in Calcium and Sulphur, supply of Phosphorus through Single Super Phosphate (16% P,
19.5% Ca & 12.5% S) meets the additional demand of Calcium and Sulphur. All the required
fertilizers are generally applied as basal at the time of sowing.
Weed management: The critical crop weed competition period and groundnut it is about 15 to 45
days after sowing which can be maintained feed free bv two hand weddings at 15 DAS and 30 DAS or
by application of any of the following chemicals:
o Fluchloralin at the rate of 1.5 kg ai. as pre plant Incorporation (PPI) a Pendimethalin at
the rate of 1.0 kg ai. as pre emergence application.
Water management: Generally it is grown as rainfed crop, however pegging and pod development stages are critical for irrigation and one irrigation is required before
harvesting to loosen the sail. The total water requirement of groundnut varies between 400 to 600
mm.
Earthing Up: It is an important operation in groundnut. Earthing up is to be done within 40-45
davs after sowing as it helps for the penetration of pegs in the soil and also
facilitates for increased pod development. Accomplish earthing up during second hand
weeding/late hand weeding. Do not disturb the soil after 45ᵗʰ day of sowing as it
will affect pod formation adversely.
Plant protection
1) Leaf Spot or Tikka Disease: Caused by Cercospora personata and Cercospora
arachidicola. Infection starts about one month after sowing and is severe when
temperature and humidity is high (more than 20 ⁰C and more than 90%). Small circular chlorotic
spats appear on leaflets which enlarge with time and turn brown to black.
Management:
• Intercropping with pearl millet or sorghum in 1:3 ratio.
• Seed treatment with thiram @ 5 g/kg seed.
• Sprav carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2 %
• Resistant varieties are- T-64, C-501, MH-4 TMV-6
AGR — 211: Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops)
2) Sclerotium Rot: Caused by soil borne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Development of white
fungal thread over affected plant tissue particularly on stem. Base of the plant turn
yellow and then will down.
Management:
• Collect and burn the affected plant debris.
• Seed treatment either with 3% brasical or 3 g/kg thiram+3 g/kg carbendazim.
• Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed or soil application of
Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg/ha + 50 Kg FYM.
3) Charcoal Rot: caused by soil Borne fungus Macrophomina phaseoli. Red, brown water
soaked lesions appear on stem just above the soil level. Seed treatment with thiram @ 5 g/kg seed
or soil application of brassicol @ 10 to 15 kg per hectare.
4) Groundnut Leaf Miner (Aproaerema modicello): Adults are brownish grey in colour
which lay shiny white eggs on underside of the leaflets. The larvae mine into the leaflets, feed on
mesaphyll and form a small brown blotches on the leaf.
5) Groundnut Aphid \Aphis craccivora): It is a polyphagous pest and both adult and
nymphs prefer to feed on young shoots causing the leaves to curl due desapping and
subsequently growth of the plant is stunted. It also acts as vector for rosette disease
virus. spraying of 0.1 % metasystox or monocrotophos controls both of the pests
Harvesting: The prominent symptoms of maturity are yellowing of foliage, spotting of
leaves and dropping of old leaves. The pod is mature when it becomes hard and tough and when there
is dark tint on the inner side of the cells. In case of bunch type of groundnut, the
plants are harvested by pulling. Harvesting of spreading type of groundnut is done by local
plough or with the help of blade harrow. Leave the harvested crop in small heaps for two to three days for curing and drying. After drying, collect the crop at one place and
detach the pods either by hand or by using pucker or thresher for separating the pods from the
plants.
Drying and storage of pods: The pads for storage must contain moisture less than 9 % and kernels 8
% as the higher moisture level in the produce are congenial for the production of aflataxin.
Yield: 15 to 20 quintaIs/ha (spreading tvpe), 10 to 15 quintaIs/ha (bunch type). Ratio of the
kernels to pods is 70:30 (kernels and shell).
Aflatoxin: Aflatoxins are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are
found on agricultural crops such as peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi
that produce
AGR — 211: Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops)
aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world. Aflatoxin-producing fungi can contaminate craps in the
field, at harvest, and during storage. The permitted level of aflatoxin in
groundnut for human consumption, according to international standards, is 4 parts per
billion (ppb) in the European Union and 20 ppb in the US. India, being second-largest
producer of groundnut, faces difficulties in accessing these markets as the level of
aflataxin on Indian groundnut is high and is considered unfit for human consumption. In accordance
with Agmark standards, the permitted level of aflatoxin in India is 30ppb.
Geocarpy: It is an extremely rare means of reproduction in plants, where the development of
fruit takes place within the soil.
Ardil: Regenerated protein fiber obtained from peanuts is known as ardil. After
extraction of oil, the leftover cake is rich in protein which can be used for making
natural regenerated protein fibers. The vegetable proteins are dissolved in urea and
fibers are made by extruding the solution through spinnerets into regulation bath.
Hydrogenation of Oil: During hydragenation, vegetable oils are reacted with hydrogen gas
at 60 ⁰C temperature. A Nickel catalyst is used to speed up the reaction. In this
reaction, the double bonds are converted into single bands and in this way the unsaturated fats (good for health, liquid at room temperature) can be converted inta saturated fats (bad
for health, solid at room temperature). Hydrogenated vegetable oils do not spoil or go rancid as
easily as regular oils. They have a longer shelf life and can help processed food such as
crackers and snacks in improving the shelf life.
Recommended daily intake of fats is 70 gram per capita of which saturated fats should not increase more than 20 gram.
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